Flat washers or disks have had a long and useful history ever since their use was documented in some ancient 13th century documents in the UK. They are used to serve as a buffer between two metal parts, or as spacers, to provide cushioning or for friction reduction and also for evenly distributing loads. Washers can also prevent movement and vibration between two heavy moving parts, and serve as a flat, smooth surface for one part to move or get tightened onto another. In many instances, a flat washer serves to bridge the gap when the hole is slightly larger than the bolt or screw that needs to be used.

They are made of different kinds of material and the choice of material depends on the application for which the washers are to be used.

Wood, leather, fabric, all kinds of metals, like steel, copper, iron, aluminum, bronze, brass, zinc etc, ceramic, paper, rubber and plastic are some of the commonly used materials. Compounds, bi-metals and alloys are also used for special purposes. Washers are extensively used in the plumbing and construction industries. They can also serve as a corrosion prevention device especially when used between two metal parts. Some metal flat washers are pre-treated with heat to withstand high temperatures. Other composite materials include glass-filled nylon, cotton-reinforced plastics, fiberglass etc.

Plastic and nylon flat washers are especially useful in the electrical and electronics industries, where their hard-wearing qualities are of great importance. These materials are also non-conducting and so they serve as insulation between two metal parts. Since plastic is also a material that does not catch fire easily, this is another reason why plastic and nylon washers are used in these industries. When threaded parts are tightened with an intervening washer, they are securely fastened and they are also able to have a good grip without further movement as they get fixed into position. Plastic flat washers also protect the parts against getting damaged due to rust, moisture and other corrosive weathering.

Flat washers may also be coated with other substances if required in certain applications and industries. Zinc and chrome plating are commonly used for protection against corrosion while providing a decorative look, while black powder coating offers protection against moisture and rust. Flat washers may also be painted in different colors to distinguish their use.

Generally washer sizes are standardized across the world according to thickness, diameter and hole size. However, many manufacturers offer customized products if required.

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